World of Cosmetics Cosmetics are substances used to enhance the appearance or odor of the human body. Cosmetics include skin-care creams, lotions, powders, perfumes, lipsticks, fingernail and toe nail polish, eye and facial makeup, permanent waves, colored contact lenses, hair colors, hair sprays and gels, deodorants, baby products, bath oils, bubble baths, bath salts, butters and many other types of products. A subset of cosmetics is called "make-up," which refers primarily to colored products intended to alter the user’s appearance. Many manufacturers distinguish between decorative cosmetics and care cosmetics. The manufacture of cosmetics is currently dominated by a small number of multinational corporations that originated in the early 20th century, but the distribution and sale of cosmetics is spread among a wide range of different businesses. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) which regulates cosmetics in the United States[1] defines cosmetics as: "intended to be applied to the human body for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness, or altering the appearance without affecting the body's structure or functions." This broad definition includes, as well, any material intended for use as a component of a cosmetic product. The FDA specifically excludes soap from this category. The first archaeological evidence of cosmetics usage is found in Egypt around 3500 BC during the Ancient Egypt times with some of the royalty having make up such as Nefertiti, Nefertari, mask of Tutankhamun, etc. The Ancient Greeks and Romans[citation needed] also used cosmetics. The Romans and Ancient Egyptians used cosmetics containing poisonous mercury and often lead. The ancient kingdom of Israel was influenced by cosmetics as recorded in the Old Testament—2 Kings 9:30 where Jezebel painted her eyelids—approximately 840 BC. The Biblical book of Esther describes various beauty treatments as well. In the Middle Ages, although its use was frowned upon by Church leaders, many women still wore cosmetics. A popular fad for women during the Middle Ages was to have a pale-skinned complexion, which was achieved through either applying pastes of lead, chalk, or flour, or by bloodletting. Women would also put white lead pigment that was known as "ceruse" on their faces to appear to have pale skin. [3] Cosmetic use was frowned upon at many points in Western history. For example, in the 1800s, make-up was used primarily by prostitutes, and Queen Victoria publicly declared makeup improper, vulgar, and acceptable only for use by actors.[4] Adolf Hitler told women that face painting was for clowns and not for the women of the master race.[citation needed] Women in the 19th century liked to be thought of as fragile ladies. They compared themselves to delicate flowers and emphasised their delicacy and femininity. They aimed always to look pale and interesting. Paleness could be induced by drinking vinegar and avoiding fresh air. Sometimes ladies discreetly used a little rouge on the cheeks, and used "belladonna" to dilate their eyes to make their eyes stand out more. Make-up was frowned upon in general especially during the 1870s when social etiquette became more rigid. Actresses however were allowed to use make up and famous beauties such as Sarah Bernhardt and Lillie Langtry could be powdered. Most cosmetic products available were still either chemically dubious, or found in the kitchen amid food colorings, berries and beetroot. By the middle of the 20th century, cosmetics were in widespread use by women in nearly all industrial societies around the world. Cosmetics have been in use for thousands of years. The absence of regulation of the manufacture and use of cosmetics has led to negative side effects, deformities, blindness, and even death through the ages. Examples of this were the prevalent use of ceruse (white lead), to cover the face during the Renaissance, and blindness caused by the mascara Lash Lure during the early 1900s. The worldwide annual expenditures for cosmetics today is estimated at $19 billion.[5] Of the major firms, the largest is L'Oréal, which was founded by Eugene Schueller in 1909 as the French Harmless Hair Colouring Company (now owned by Liliane Bettencourt 26% and Nestlé 28%, with the remaining 46% are publicly traded). The market was developed in the USA during the 1910s by Elizabeth Arden, Helena Rubinstein, and Max Factor. These firms were joined by Revlon just before World War II and Estée Lauder just after. Beauty products are now widely available from dedicated internet-only retailers,[6] who have more recently been joined online by established outlets, including the major department stores and traditional bricks and mortar beauty retailers. Like most industries, cosmetic companies resist regulation by government agencies like the FDA, and have lobbied against this throughout the years. The FDA does not have to approve or review the cosmetics, or what goes in them before they are sold to the consumers. The FDA only regulates against the colors that can be used in the cosmetics and hair dyes. The cosmetic companies does not have to report any injuries from the products, they also only have voluntary recalls on products. [7] [edit] Criticism and controversy Woman wearing cosmetics Further information: Campaign for Safe Cosmetics, California Safe Cosmetics Act of 2005, and Testing cosmetics on animals During the 20th century, the popularity of cosmetics increased rapidly.[citation needed] Especially in the United States, cosmetics are used by girls at an increasingly young age. Due to the fast-decreasing age of make-up users, Many companies; from high-street brands like Rimmel, to higher-end products like Estee Lauder; have catered to this expanding market by introducing more flavored lipsticks and glosses, cosmetics packaged in glittery, sparkly packaging and marketing and advertising using young models.[citation needed] The social consequences of younger and younger beautification has had much attention in the media over the last few years. Criticism of cosmetics has come from a variety of sources including feminists, animal rights activists, authors and public interest groups. There is a growing awareness and preference for cosmetics that are without any supposedly toxic ingredients, especially those derived from petroleum, sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), and parabens.[8] Numerous published reports have raised concern over the safety of a few surfactants. SLS causes a number of skin issues including dermatitis.[9][10][11][12][13] Parabens can cause skin irritation and contact dermatitis in individuals with paraben allergies, a small percentage of the general population.[14] Animal experiments have shown that parabens have a weak estrogenic activity, acting as xenoestrogens.[15] Prolonged use of makeup has also been linked to thinning eyelashes.[16] Synthetic fragrances are widely used in consumer products. Studies concluded from patch testing show synthetic fragrances are made of many ingredients which cause allergic reactions.[17] Cosmetics companies have been criticised for making pseudoscientific claims about their products which are misleading or not backed by science.[18][19] [edit] Makeup types * Lipstick, lip gloss, lip liner, lip plumper, lip balm, lip conditioner, lip primer, and lip boosters.[1] * Foundation, used to smooth out the face and cover spots or uneven skin coloration. Usually a liquid, cream, or powder.[1] Foundation primer is can be applied before to get a smoother finish. * Powder, used to set the foundation, giving a matte finish, and also to conceal small flaws or blemishes. * Rouge, blush or blusher, cheek coloring used to bring out the color in the cheeks and make the cheekbones appear more defined. This comes in powder, cream, and liquid forms.[1] * Bronzer, used to give skin a bit of color by adding a golden or bronze glow.[1] * Mascara is used to darken, lengthen, and thicken the eyelashes. It is available in natural colors such as brown and black, but also comes in bolder colors such as blue, pink, or purple. There are many different formulas, including waterproof for those prone to allergies or sudden tears. Often used after an eyelash curler and mascara primer.[1] Eye shadow being applied Broadway actor Jim Brochu applies make-up before the opening night of a play. The chin mask known as chutti for Kathakali, a performing art in Kerala, India is considered the thickest makeup applied for any artform. * Eye liner, eye shadow, eye shimmer, and glitter eye pencils as well as different color pencils used to color and emphasize the eyelids (larger eyes give a more youthful appearance).[1] * Eyebrow pencils, creams, waxes, gels and powders are used to color and define the brows.[1] * Nail polish, used to color the fingernails and toenails.[1] * Concealer, Makeup used to cover any imperfections of the skin. Also included in the general category of cosmetics are skin care products. These include creams and lotions to moisturize the face and body, sunscreens to protect the skin from damaging UV radiation, and treatment products to repair or hide skin imperfections (acne, wrinkles, dark circles under eyes, etc.). Cosmetics can also be described by the form of the product, as well as the area for application. Cosmetics can be liquid or cream emulsions; powders, both pressed and loose; dispersions; and anhydrous creams or sticks. Lip stain is a cosmetic product that contains either water or a gel base. To help the product stay on the lips, many stains may contain alcohol. These lip coloring products are available in a variety of formulas, colors, and application types. The idea behind lip stains is to temporarily saturate the lips with color with a dye, rather than applying a colored wax to the lips to color them. A lip stain is usually designed to be waterproof so that the color will be long lasting, and once the stain dries, it should not smear, stain, wear unevenly, or transfer to the teeth. A lip stain may come in a bottle with an applicator which is used to brush the stain onto the lips, and it can also come in a small jar, with users applying the stain with a finger or a cosmetic brush. Make-up remover is the product used to remove the make-up products applied on the skin. It is used for cleaning the skin for other procedure, like applying any type of lotion at evening before the person go to sleep. [edit] Special effects In addition to over-the-counter cosmetic products, recent years have seen an increasing market for prescription or surgical cosmetic procedures. These range from temporary enhancements, such as cosmetic colored contact lenses, to major cosmetic surgery. To temporary fashionable enhancement belongs application of false eyelashes or eyelash extensions, in order to enhance the natural eyelashes and make eye appearance more attractive. Many techniques, such as microdermabrasion and physical or chemical peels, remove the oldest, top layers of skin cells. The younger layers of skin left behind appear more plump, youthful, and soft. Permanent application of pigments (tattooing) is also used cosmetically. [edit] Ingredients Main article: Ingredients of cosmetics While there is assurance from the largest cosmetic companies that ingredients have passed quality tests and official regulations, and are therefore generally safe to use, there is a growing preference for cosmetics that are without any "synthetic" ingredients, especially those derived from petroleum. Once a niche market, handmade and certified organic products are becoming more mainstream. Ingredients' listings in cosmetics are highly regulated in many countries. The testing of cosmetic products on animals is a subject of some controversy. It is now illegal in the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and Belgium, and a ban across the European Union is due to come into effect in 2009. [edit] Organic and natural ingredients Even though many cosmetic products are regulated, there are still health concerns regarding the presence of harmful chemicals within these products.[citation needed] Aside from color additives, cosmetic products and their ingredients are not subject to FDA regulation prior to their release into the market. It is only when a product is found to violate Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act) and Fair Packaging and Labeling Act (FPLA) after its release that the FDA may start taking action against this violation.[20] With many new products released into the market every season, it is hard to keep track of the safety of every product. Some products carry carcinogenic contaminant 1,4- dioxane. Many cosmetic companies are coming out with "All natural" and "Organic" products. All natural products contain mineral and plant ingredients and organic products are made with organic agricultural products. Products who claim they are organic are not, unless they are certified "USDA Organic."[21][22] [edit] Cosmetic careers A professional make-up artist servicing a client An account executive is responsible for visiting all department and specialty store counter sales and doors. They explain new products and "gifts with purchase" (free items given out upon purchase of a certain cosmetics item that costs more than a set amount). A beauty adviser provides product advice based on the client's skin care and makeup requirements. Beauty advisers can become certified through the Anti-Aging Beauty Institute. Supermodel Alek Wek receiving make-up from a professional. A cosmetician is a professional who provides facial and body treatments for clients. The term cosmetologist is sometimes used interchangeably with this term, but most commonly refers to a certified professional. A freelance makeup artist provides clients with beauty advice and cosmetics assistance—usually paid by the cosmetic company by the hour. Professionals in cosmetics marketing careers manage research focus groups, promote the desired brand image, and provide other marketing services (sales forecasting, allocation to different retailers, etc.). Those involved in cosmetics product development design, create and refine cosmetics products. Some positions that fall under this category include chemists, quality assurance and packaging people. [edit] Cosmetic Industry The cosmetic industry is an important, multi billion US$ industry. Major actors are L'Oreal, ... [edit] See also Search Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Cosmetics * Testing cosmetics on animals * Body art * Body hygiene kit * Cosmeceutical * Cosmetic surgery * Cosmetic, Toiletry, and Fragrance Association – CTFA * Cosmetology * DEA list of chemicals * Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act * Henna * List of cosmetic ingredients * Make-up artist * Moulage * Permanent makeup * Personal care * Pharmaceuticals and personal care products * Society of Cosmetic Chemists * Cosmetics in Ancient Rome Make-up Art Cosmetics, better known as MAC Cosmetics, is a manufacturer of cosmetics. Contents [hide] * 1 History * 2 MAC PRO * 3 Social initiatives * 4 References * 5 External links [edit] History MAC Store located at Glorietta, Makati City, Philippines MAC Cosmetics was founded in Toronto, Canada by Frank Toskan and Frank Angelo in 1984. The first U.S MAC store opened in 1991, located at Greenwich Village, New York.[1] The company's products were originally designed specifically for professional make-up artists, but are now sold to consumers worldwide. Estée Lauder Companies acquired controlling interest of MAC in 1994, then completed their acquisition of the company in 1998. One year prior to the acquisition, original founder, Frank Angelo, died in 1997 due to complications during surgery. [edit] MAC PRO The MAC PRO Program is provided to professionals in the industry.[2] An annual fee must be paid for this service. Cosmetic professionals and students receive discounts on purchases. Avon Products is a multi-level marketing company.[5] Traditionally a direct marketing company,[citation needed] Avon's fastest growing markets today are in China and Russia. The company's chairman and CEO is Andrea Jung, who was promoted to the position in 1999. Avon's product lines include make-up, bath and skin lotions, anti-ageing cream, perfumes, as well as jewelery and clothing. Avon uses both door-to-door sales people ("Avon ladies" primarily and a growing number of men) and catalogs to advertise its products. In some markets, Avon products are sold primarily in retail stores (most notably China, which had banned all door-to-door selling before mid-December 2006). Although the company has always been more directed toward female customers, Avon's line of male products continues to expand, and its children's products (such as shampoos and toys) have also proved successful. [edit] History Intensive Age Treatment The company was founded in 1886 by then 28-year-old David H. McConnell who sold books door-to-door and gave out perfume to entice women to buy his books. His perfume proved to be much more popular than his books, so he then founded the California Perfume Company (CPC) in New York, New York in a 500-square-foot (46 m2) manufacturing and shipping office at 126 Chambers Street. As the company grew, he hired his first representative, Mrs. P.F.E. Albee. In 1897, McConnell built a small (3000 square foot) laboratory in Suffern, New York. In 1906, the West Coast office in San Francisco was destroyed in the Great Earthquake. In 1914 the first non-US office was opened in the Canadian province of Quebec. The California Perfume Company was incorporated on January 28, 1916 by David H. McConnell and Alexander D. Henderson (businessman) in Suffern, New York.[6] By 1918, five million units were sold in North America, and by 1928, sales reached $2 million. In October 1939, the name was changed to Avon Products, Inc. The company was taken public in 1946. By 1954, sales reached $55 million, and the "Avon Calling" advertising campaign introduced. By 1971 the lab would grow into the Avon Suffern Research and Development facility. By 1979, sales reached $3 billion, with one million direct sales agents. Today sales exceed $10 billion worldwide. In 2005 they opened a $100 million dollar 225,000-square-foot (20,900 m2) R&D facility to house its over 300 research and development scientists on the original site in Suffern, NY. Avon also has offices in Luzerne, Pennsylvania and Davenport, Iowa. [edit] Early Avon Trademark Original Avon trademark, filed June 3, 1932 The drawing stylized word AVON mark is a expired trademark at the USPTO, and owned by Avon Products, Inc. The California Perfume Company, Inc. of New York, NY filed their first trademark application for Avon on June 3, 1932 with the USPTO. Part of the description for goods and services provided to the USPTO included "perfumes, toilet waters, powder and rouge compacts, lipsticks," and other toiletry products. First use and commercial use for Avon by the California Perfume Company was on September 1, 1929. Registration was granted on August 30, 1932. The trademark is owned by Avon Products, Inc. of New York, NY. The status of the original stylized word mark for Avon is expired. [edit] Avon Sales Leadership (UK) Sales leadership was established by Avon in the United Kingdom in 2004. It is a network marketing or multilevel marketing (mlm) company. A MLM plan will pay active associates and their leaders a percentage of team sales. Sales leadership is open to any new and existing Avon Representatives. [edit] Avon Foundation In addition to its corporate pursuits, the Avon corporation is involved in philanthropic causes. The Avon Foundation is an accredited 501(c)(3) public charity founded in 1955 to improve the lives of women and their families. The Avon Foundation is currently focused on two key causes: breast cancer and domestic violence.[7] Through 2007, Avon raised and awarded $580 million worldwide. [edit] Avon Breast Cancer Crusade The Avon Breast Cancer Crusade launched in 1992, and has raised more than $525 million in over 50 countries to improve access to care and research to find a cure for breast cancer. Beneficiaries include leading cancer centers, university research projects, and community-based non-profit breast health programs.[8] Avon is slowly moving away from its support of breast cancer awareness in favor of other women's programs primarily domestic violence.[9] Avon has raised over £15 million in the UK for the Breast Cancer Cause. Avon Walk for Breast Cancer is the Avon Foundation for Women's largest annual fundraising initiative. The series of 9 Avon Walks for Breast Cancer are held each year from April to October. From 2003 through 2008, the Avon Walks have raised more than $265 million. The Avon Walk for Breast Cancer also raises awareness as participants spend an entire weekend walking 39 miles through cities and towns around the country. In 2008 alone, hundreds of thousands of donors supported more than 24,000 walkers and crew who participated. [edit] Avon Foundation Speak Out Against Domestic Violence program The Avon Foundation Speak Out Against Domestic Violence program works to end the cycle of domestic violence. To date nearly $7 million has been awarded to more than 400 US domestic violence organizations for awareness, education, direct services and prevention programs, especially to assist children affected by domestic violence. In addition, the Avon Foundation and Avon Products Inc. together respond to national and international emergencies, and since 2001 have awarded $17.5 million for women and their families affected by natural disaster or crises [edit] "mark." "mark." (targeted to younger, college-aged women) has helped the company reach out into markets it had not previously serviced. mark. has proven to be successful in reaching a new generation of recruits, primarily young women ages 18–25, with a monthly "magalog" featuring its products.